归化还是异化？翻译理论中的难题 第2页

1 Introduction
Cultures are absolutely embedded in their own languages. In order to achieve a better communication, translation is required. So as to serve this purpose well, during their practice, many theorists have already made some definitions and regulations years ago. But translation is still a process of understanding and expressing, but in this process, losing some original meaning or form is inevitable. Nowadays, domestication and foreignization are definitely the dominance of translation theory, but, which one is the best strategy according to today’s trend, is still remain controversial topic. Domestication is a reader-oriented strategy while making the understanding easier and yet, losing the foreign flavor of the source language. On the other hand, foreignization is author-oriented strategy while making the translation a little bit foreign-style but keeping the most exotic taste of the source language. In the past, domestication is the most frequently used method due to its readability. But now, foreignization has been summoned because of its advantages, that is, promoting and enriching both cultures. 毕业论文http://www.youerw.com/
2 Translation Theory
Newmark presents guidelines and prescriptions regarding the different methods of translation. He further provides a list of five topics, which in his view must be included in a comprehensive criticism of a translation.
In a more resent book, Shiyab comments on Newmark’s theories, and adds interesting aspects on translation and culture. In this paper, Shiyab function as a complement to Newmark, adding additional aspects to the field of translation theory.
Toury provides a useful model of translation norms and strategies, leading to translation solutions.

2.1 Newmark
In Newmark’s view, translation is a science as much as a skill, an art and matter of taste. Accordingly, many aspects play a part in the making of a translation, and hence, many aspects should also be considered in the assessing of one.
In his book, Newmark outlines five topics which in his view have to be covered in any comprehensive criticism of a translation:
1) a brief analysis of the SL text stressing its intension and its functional aspects;
2) the translator’s interpretation of the SL text’s purpose; his translation method and the translation’s likely readership;原文请加优.文,论,文.网QQ32491.14
3) a selective but representative detailed comparison of the translation with the original;
4) an evaluation of the translation
a) in the translator’s terms
b) in the critic’s terms;
5) where appropriate, an assessment of the likely place of the translation in the target language culture or discipline.
According to Newmark, the more specific a language becomes in regard to natural phenomena such as geographical and ecological terms, the more it becomes embedded in cultural features, and this causes translation problems.
2.2 Shiyab
In a book published almost 20 years after Newmark’s, Shiyab concluded that “there is very little consensus between linguists, translation theorists and translation practitioners regarding the principals, rules and methods of translating” . In an attempt to categorize the various views, he divides the definitions of translating into meaning-based (domestication) definitions and semiotic-based (foreignization) definitions. Meaning-based definitions, as explained by Shiyab, use meaning as the base for interpreting, and focus on conveying the meaning of the original text into the translated text. In semiotic-based definitions the focus is instead on studying signs, symbols, codes etc, and “all aspects of human communication are analyzed as systems of signals” . Shiyab classified Newmark’s works as belonging to meaning-based definitions, and repeatedly draws on him when various approaches to the field of translation theory and practices. Toury, who is presented in the next section, is classified as belonging to the other category, in having a semiotic-based definition of translation.

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