Figure 1 Sample of interrelationships between core city systems。
Smart City can be then defined when, “investment in human and social capital and traditional (transportation) and modern (ICT-based) infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory government” (Komninos, 2002)。 The other definition identifies key domains of Smart Cities, such as: smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, smart living, smart people, and smart governance (Center of Regional Science, 2007)。 As well, Smart Cities can be understood as places generating a particular form of spatial intelligence and innovation, based on sensors, embedded devices, large data sets, and real-time information and response。 Pervasive information and communication technology means that there is a much greater scope for leveraging technology for the benefit of cities (Dirks & Keeling, 2009):
xinstrumentation, or digitization, of a city’s system means that the workings of that system are turned into data points and the system is made measurable,
268 Katarzyna Nowicka / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151 (2014) 266 – 281
xinterconnection means that different parts of a core system can be joined and “speak” to each other, turning data into information, and
xintelligence refers to the ability to use the information created, model patterns of behavior or likely outcomes and translate them into real knowledge, allowing informed actions。
At the same time, collective intelligence and social media have been major drivers of the spatial intelligence of cities and they can be used by a crowdsourcing tool to examine the demand for transport。 The other way to measure traffic and plan transportation (and others, like commercial) activities within the urban spatial area is analyzing the density of mobile usage within different areas of the city。 Future internet technologies with instrumentation and interconnection of mobile devices and sensors can collect and analyze urban data in real time, improve the ability to forecast and manage urban flows。 Then, it is worth considering the technology drivers of embedded spatial intelligence, the new e-services that can be created in cities and the governance of innovation ecosystems within smart environments embedded in the urban space (Komninos, 2013)。
As mentioned, the Smart City concept is multi-dimensional。 In most of the cases it is a future scenario (what to achieve), even more it is an urban development strategy (how to achieve it)。 It can focus on how technologies enhance the lives of citizens or other stakeholders, but should not be interpreted as drawing the Smart City technology scenario。 Rather, the Smart City is how citizens are shaping the city in using this technology, and how citizens are enabled to do so by getting the support of cities government。 The Smart City can then be understood also by how people are empowered, through using technology for the contribution to urban change and realizing their ambitions by living in a specific, chosen place。 “Cities have the capacity of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody” (Jacobs, 1992)。
The Smart City is able to provide the conditions and resources for change。 Urban areas can then be understood as an innovative ecosystem with specific demand and supply needs of different s of citizens or other stakeholders。 In the ideal model, the Smart City is the engine of transformation, a generator of solutions for wicked problems - it is how the city is able to behave smarter for sustainable growth。
2。 City logistics
According to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals, logistics management is that part of supply chain management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverses flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet the customers' requirements (cscmp。org/about-us/supply-chain-management-definitions)。 智能城市物流云计算模型英文文献和中文翻译(2):http://www.youerw.com/fanyi/lunwen_99094.html