The user interfaces are as user friendly as possible,so that there is no need to be a professional computer user.The developed system facilitates the company to keep a copyof every single piece of work in its databases. 4. PMSS environmentPMSS can be accessed through the Internet by different webbrowsers, such as Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Internet Explorer,Google Chrome, Opera, etc. Users of the system can be anyonewho is assigned a username and a password. The systemconsists of the following parts.4.1. OBS developmentThe setup and installation authority is given to thecompany’s General Manager (GM) to define the company OBS.Among the different organizational structures [82], a functionalorganizational structure is used in PMSS, since most of thecompanies prefer it nowadays [83]. OBS creation has a dynamicstructure which means that there is no limit to the number ofhorizontal and vertical levels; thus, each company can createits own OBS structure. One of the weaknesses of the functionalstructure is its low team member motivation [83]. PMSS,with its performance measurement feature and its motivationsystem, is deemed well to overcome this problem and makethe functional structure more efficient. GM can delegate hisauthority to other personnel, such as head of the estimatingand tendering department or head of the design department,to be able to create, define or modify projects, activities andresources. Other users have only access to the data for theirwork. A sample page of OBS creation is shown in Figure 2.4.2. Project, activity and resource definitionProjects, activities and resources are specified by estimatingand tendering department. After defining the projects andtheir related activities and resources, the system is ready tobe implemented. Projects are defined to the system using theinterface shown in Figure 3.4.3. Message transfer systemAll sending and receiving of work in PMSS are donethrough message transactions between users of the system,and through predefined lines of communication. Each user hasa communication panel including ‘‘Negotiation’’, ‘‘Submitted’’and ‘‘Performed’’ inboxes in his interface, which allowscomposing a message, negotiating over a received work,submitting work or performing work. Each message has twoparties: a sender and a recipient. The sender of themessage hasalternatives of ‘‘Negotiate’’ on resources of thework or ‘‘Submit’’it directly to the recipient. If the message came to the recipientthrough ‘‘Negotiate’’, he has the right to send back his opinionto the sender. This process can continue until both parties cometo an agreement on the estimated resources required for thework.If thework came fromthe sender through ‘‘Submit’’, then therecipient has no right to object to the estimated resources, justdo thework and send it back. The resources can be time,money,machinery, material and manpower. The sender is capable ofchecking theworkload of the recipient to fix the duration of thework.The recipient of any message will be informed by a shortmessage through his mobile phone as soon as receiving amessage in his inbox. In a typical compose page, as shown inFigure 4, the head of the design department prepared amessageto the head of the estimating and tendering department forestimating the price of a tower crane.Once the work is completed by the recipient it will be sentback to the ‘‘performed’’ inbox of the original sender. Performedresource fields will be filled by the recipient, based on actualresources used.
A sample of the performed message from thehead of the estimating and tendering department to the headof the design department is shown in Figure 5. Zegordi and Nahavandi’s [84] simple definition of productiv-ity is considered in Eq. (1). They defined productivity to be theratio of output to input:APF = TestTper× WT + CestCper× WC + QperQest× WQ . (1)Test and Cest are the estimated time and cost, respectively. Qest ofall activities is always assumed to be 100 and is not negotiated.Hoehn [85] and Neely et al. [57] pointed out the need torecognize different weights when measuring performance.WT ,WC and WQ represent the weighted factors of time, costand quality, respectively. These factors are defined for everysingle activity, while specifying its resources by the estimatingand tendering department. They explain the importance of eachparameter. WT ,WC and WQ are considered as percentages andtheir sum is always equal to 100%.Tper and Cper represent the actual time and cost used. Qperis the quality grade and is assigned by the original senderon the basis of 0 to 100 measures. The subjectivity of Qperis believed to be minimized by considering the number ofmistakes/errors/deficiencies, the delay in reading messages,and percentage of work actually completed in Tper and Cper. Onehigher level authority will also be informed about the assignedQper. Qper will be calculated by the following formula:Qper = DestDper× WD + MestMper× WM + PCperPCest× WPC , (2)where Dest is acceptable delay for the company and is assignedby the estimating and tendering department, Dper is recipientdelay time in reading the message, which is a percentage ofDest,Mest is the number of allowedmistakes/errors/deficienciesfor a specific activity, and varies for different activities, whichis assigned by the estimating and tendering department, Mperis the number of mistakes/errors/deficiencies occurred in aperformed work, and PCper is the percentage of work com-pleted. PCest is the estimated percentage of work completedwithin the assigned time (Test) and by default is assumed tobe 100%. WD,WM and WPC are weighted factors of delay, mis-takes/errors/deficiencies and percentage of work completed,respectively. WD,WM and WPC are considered as percentagesand defined by the estimating and tendering department foreach activity, and their sum is always equal to 100%.APF may be equal, less or more than 100%. If it is less than100%, it means that the submitted work was performed at alower level than expected. If it is equal to 100%, it means that itwas performed as expected. If it is greater than 100%, it meansthat it was performed at a higher level than expected.Every employee has a Performance Factor (PF) in thecompany. 质量管理体系中的绩效衡量英文文献和中文翻译(3):http://www.youerw.com/fanyi/lunwen_53343.html