increase  sales, help  improve  public  image  or  to improve  employee morale,  cor-
porate  community  involvement  or corporate  giving to charitable  organizations
can help sustain  the bottom  line for business  in the long-term. When  corpora-
tions engage in philanthropy  for these reasons, they are simply acting out of
economic motives, based  on their  economic  responsibility,  as opposed  to a dis-
tinct philanthropic  obligation.
Incomplete Development of Economic, Legal, and Ethical Domains
Another  issue with Carroll's  model is the incomplete  discussion and  inclu-
sion of criteria  for assessing corporate  activities or motives as falling  into each
of the domains,  especially the  legal and  ethical domains.  Carroll  provides  little
discussion of how corporations  may engage  in multiple  domains  other  than  by
suggesting that a toy manufacturer  making  safe toys would be complying si-
multaneously  with  its economic,  legal, and  ethical  responsibilities  (1979: 501).
Such a cursory  discussion  limits the theoretical  foundation  that  is necessary  to
utilize  the model  for  certain  kinds  of empirical  study  and  for  teaching  purposes.
The economic,  legal, and  ethical domains  will now be expounded  upon.
Economac  domain. Carroll  defines the economic domain  of CSR as follows
(1991: 40A2):  '4Perform  in a manner  consistent with maximizing  earnings  per
share,  being as profitable  as possible, maintaining  a strong  competitive  position
and high level  of operating  efficiency."  It may be that this definition  fails to
capture  certain  economic activities. The new model will clarify the economic
domain  below.
Legal domain. Carroll's  category  of legal responsibility  is defined as obey-
ing or  complying  with  the  law (1979, 500; 1993:  33). The  legal responsibility  is
depicted  as reflecting  a view of "codified  ethics"  in the  sense that  law embodies
basic notions  of fairness  as established  by our  lawmakers.  It  is stressed  that  it is
business's responsibility  to comply with these laws. A broader  appreciation  of
the  legal system  and  its influence  on corporate  activities  indicates  a much  wider
range  of legally-based  activities  that  ought  to be discussed. For  example,  legal-
ity may be broken down into  three general categories: (i)  compliance; (ii)
avoidance  of civil litigation;  and  (iii) anticipation  of the  law. Each  of these will
be more  fully discussed  in the presentation  of the new model. 508
BUSINESS  ETHICS QUARTERLY
Ethical  domain.  The  ethical domain  of CSR  includes  those activities  that  are
based  on their adherence  to a set of ethical or moral standards  or principles.
Carroll's  definition  of the ethical domain  is not broadly  developed  (1991: 41).
He  defines the ethical domain of CSR as any activities or practices  that are
expected  or  prohibited  by society members  although  not  codified  into  law.  They 企业的社会责任英文文献和中文翻译(5):http://www.youerw.com/fanyi/lunwen_13151.html