subject to source-tax of 20% (u/s 55) and this tax deducted at source is a “final discharge of tax liability” u/s 82C(4). However, given these moral issues, while dealing with any sort of strategy regarding tax, we must be aware about the distinctions among tax evasion, tax avoidance and tax planning.
Tax Evasion
Tax evasion has the objective of reduction of tax illegally. Sometimes, it is referred to as ‘tax cheating” through acts of commission or omission. Deceit, concealment, and/or misrepresentation are common elements in most illegal tax plans (Sommerfeld et al., 1980: 28/1). As stated by Webley et al. (1991: 2-3), “Noncompliance is a more neutral term than evasion since it does not assume that an inaccurate tax return is necessarily the result of an intention to defraud the authorities and it recognizes that inaccuracy may actually result in overpayment of taxes. … In evading tax one is knowingly breaking the law. This has social and psychological consequences such as stigma and guilt and involves confronting different costs since there is a risk of being caught and fined or sent to prison.”
According to Lakhotia and Lakhotia (1998: 9), “The expression ‘Tax evasion’ means illegally hiding income or concealing the particulars of income or concealing the particular source or sources of income or in manipulating the accounts so as to inflate the expenditure and other outgoings with a view to illegally reduce the burden of taxation. Hence, tax evasion is illegal and unethical.” 本文来自优.文~论^文·网原文请找腾讯324,9114
Tax Avoidance
Tax avoidance and tax evasion usually both have same objective of reduction of tax, but tax avoidance encompasses only legal means of achieving the objective.
Justice Jagadisan J. has mentioned in the verdict of Aruna Group of Estate v. State of Madras (1965) case, “Avoidance of tax is not tax evasion and it carries no ignominy with it, for, it is sound law and, certainly, not bad morality, for anybody to so arrange his affairs as to reduce the brunt of taxation to a minimum.” (Palkhivala and Palkhivala 1976: 46).
东莞会展业现状及不足的原因对策Avoidance involves ‘every attempt by legal means to prevent or reduce tax liability which would otherwise be incurred, by taking advantage of some provision or lack of provision in the law … it presupposes the existence of alternatives, one of which would result in less tax than the other’ (Report of the Royal Commission of Taxation 1966: 538; vide Webley et al. 1991: 2).
Tax avoidance “is the art of dodging taxes without breaking the law. ……tax avoidance means of traveling within the framework of the law or acting as per the language of the law only in form, but murdering the very spirit of the law and thus acting against the intention of the law and defeating the purpose of the particular legal enactment” (Lakhotia and Lakhotia 1998: 10).
Perhaps the most celebrated statement made in defense of tax avoidance came from the pen of Judge Learned Hand. In a dissenting opinion, in Commissioner v. Newman case, he once said:
Over and over again courts have said that there is nothing sinister in so arranging one’s affairs as to keep taxes as low as possible. Everybody does so, rich or poor, and all do right, for nobody owes any public duty to pay more than the law demands: taxes are enforced exactions, not voluntary contributions. To demand more in the name of morals is mere cant. [Commissioner v. Newman, 159 F.2d 848 (CA-2,1947), vide Scholes et al., 2002: 5].
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