Unable to instantiate Action, testAction

Struts Problem Report

Struts has detected an unhandled exception:

Messages:
testAction
Unable to instantiate Action, testAction, defined for 'test' in namespace '/'testAction
File: org/apache/catalina/loader/WebappClassLoader.java
Line number: 1,714
Stacktraces

Unable to instantiate Action, testAction, defined for 'test' in namespace '/'testAction
web.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app version="3.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">
<display-name></display-name>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext_*.xml classpath*/context/applicationContext_*.xml</param-value>
</context-param>

<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>

<filter>
<filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</filter-class>
</filter>

<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>

<session-config>
<session-timeout>180</session-timeout>
</session-config>
</web-app>
struts.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.3//EN"
"http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.3.dtd">

<struts>

    <package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">

        <default-action-ref name="index" />

        <global-results>
            <result name="error">/error.jsp</result>
        </global-results>

        <global-exception-mappings>
            <exception-mapping exception="java.lang.Exception" result="error"/>
        </global-exception-mappings>

        <action name="index">
            <result>/index.jsp</result>
        </action>
       
        <action name="test" class="testAction" method="execute">
<result name="success">/test.jsp</result>
</action> -->
       
    </package>

    <!-- <include file="config/struts/*" /> -->

</struts>
实在不行，自己下载个struts的源代码，调试一下，断点设置在DefaultActionInvocation的setObjectFactory()里，这样就能看到为什么没有应用到Spring的ObjectFactory了。